Edward Cope's reconstruction of Laelaps aquilunguis. This work was on display in the original exhibition as item 11. Image source: Cope, Edward Drinker. "The fossil reptiles of New Jersey," in: American Naturalist, vol. 3 (1869), pp. 84-91, pl. 2.

Paper Dinosaurs 1824-1969

An Exhibition of Original Publications from the Collections of the Linda Hall Library

Bird-Footed Iguanodon, 1857

While Leidy and Cope were discovering fossil bones in the United States, suggesting that dinosaurs were bipedal, naturalists in England were beginning to have similar thoughts. In England, however, fossil footprints played a more important role as a driving force. In 1854, Samuel Beckles had reported finding a number of three-toed footprints in the Weald formations on the Isle of Wight. Beckles was ambivalent as to the source of the tracks; they looked like bird tracks, but he did not rule out the possibility of "ornithic" dinosaurs.

Shortly thereafter, the fossilized hind limb of a young Iguanodon was found on the Isle of Wight by Beckles, who brought it to the attention of Richard Owen. The foot bones were decidedly three-toed, and of the same size as many of the stone footprints. Owen thought the fossil was important enough to warrant a natural-size folding lithograph in 1857. In this paper he did not explicitly connect the Iguanodon foot with the fossil footprints, but in 1858 he did. In a further discussion of this specimen, he said that we must be cautious in assuming that three-toed prints necessarily belong to birds, and he said that the three-toed Iguanodon foot "adds to the probability of Mr. Beckles' ideas" as to the "Iguanodontal nature" of the three-toed fossil prints that have been found in the Weald.

Natural size foot of a young Iguanodon, upper of front view. This work was on display in the original exhibition as item 12. Image source: Owen, Richard. Monograph on the Fossil Reptilia of the Wealden Formation. Part IV. London: Paleontographical Society, 1857. Series: Paleontographical Society Volumes, vol. 10 (1856), tab. 1.

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Footprints in the Weald, 1854

Natural cast of footprint in the wealden rocks on the beach near Hastings. This work is part of our History of Science Collection, but it was NOT included in the original exhibition. Image source: Beckles, S. H. "On the ornithoidichnites of the Wealden." Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. 10 (1854), pp. 456-457, pl. 19.

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Beckles found several sets of bird-like tracks in the rocks of the Weald of southeast England. He was very deliberate in his conjectures as to their origin: "The numbers and position of the toes seem to ally these animals to birds:--while, however, it may be regarded as undetermined whether these gigantic creatures were birds, or reptiles with ornithic characters.” But he nowhere mentions Iguanodon; that connection would be made by Richard Owen.

The footprint is an inset on a larger folding plate that shows the trackways Beckles had discovered.